Opinion & perception studies

Expert-coded indices of electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative and egalitarian democracy, 1900–present.

Civil Liberties (V-Dem)Clean Elections (V-Dem)Deliberative Democracy (V-Dem)Egalitarian Democracy (V-Dem)Electoral Democracy (V-Dem)Freedom of Expression (V-Dem)Gender Equality (V-Dem)Judicial Constraints on Executive (V-Dem)Liberal Democracy (V-Dem)Participatory Democracy (V-Dem)Political Corruption (V-Dem)Rule of Law (V-Dem)

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University of Gothenburg compilation harmonising governance, corruption, rule-of-law and institutional indicators.

Control of Corruption (QoG)Corruption Perceptions Index (QoG)Education Spending (QoG)Freedom House Status (QoG)Government Effectiveness (QoG)Health Spending (QoG)Infant Mortality (QoG)Press Freedom (RSF) (QoG)Voice & Accountability (QoG)

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The Corruption Perceptions Index — perceived public-sector corruption in 180 countries, scored 0–100 from expert assessments and business surveys.

Corruption Perceptions Index

Annual assessment of political rights and civil liberties in 195 countries and 15 territories, aggregated to a 0–100 freedom score.

Freedom in the World Score

Reporters Without Borders’ ranking of media freedom in 180 countries across political, economic, legal, social and safety contexts.

Press Freedom Index

Fraser Institute index of economic freedom — size of government, property rights, sound money, free trade and regulation, 0–10. Via the QoG standard dataset.

Economic Freedom of the World

Yale’s 0–100 ranking of national environmental health and ecosystem vitality across ~180 countries. Via the QoG standard dataset.

Environmental Performance Index

Institute for Economics & Peace ranking of peacefulness across safety, ongoing conflict and militarisation (lower = more peaceful). Via the QoG standard dataset.

Global Peace Index

Lloyd’s Register Foundation / Gallup global study of how people experience and cope with risk — the Resilience Index.

Climate Seen as a ThreatConfident Can Protect FamilyExperienced a DisasterExperienced Discrimination (Skin Colour)Resilience to Risk (WRP)Worry About Violent Crime

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IFHV / Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft model of disaster risk from extreme natural events and climate change — exposure × vulnerability.

Disaster Exposure (WRI)World Risk Index

EC Joint Research Centre / IASC index of humanitarian crisis and disaster risk, including hazard, vulnerability and coping capacity.

INFORM Risk Index

Cantril-ladder life evaluations from the Gallup World Poll, plus the six factors that explain happiness.

Happiness (Cantril Ladder)Happiness Driver: FreedomHappiness Driver: GDPHappiness Driver: GenerosityHappiness Driver: Healthy Life ExpectancyHappiness Driver: Low CorruptionHappiness Driver: Social Support

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Curated long-run development indicators — income, health, education, demography — harmonised for every country.

Adult LiteracyEnergy Use per PersonGDP per Capita GrowthHomicide RateHuman Development IndexIncome Inequality (Gini)Income per PersonInternet UsersLife ExpectancyMedian AgePopulationPopulation DensityUrban Population

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Global survey of values across ~100 societies. We aggregated Wave 7 into the Inglehart-Welzel cultural dimensions (secular & self-expression values).

Secular ValuesSelf-Expression Values

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Geert Hofstede’s six (here five) dimensions of national culture — power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation.

IndividualismLong-term OrientationMasculinityPower DistanceUncertainty Avoidance

Large-scale, repeated survey of human values across Europe. Extended dashboard from the 2017 wave: 36 countries, weighted, by sex and age — happiness, trust, politics, religion and social tolerance.

Acceptance of Homosexuality (EVS)Happiness (EVS)Interpersonal Trust (EVS)

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Gallup study of how people worldwide think and feel about science and health. We aggregated 2018: trust in science and scientists, vaccine safety and effectiveness.

Believe Vaccines Are EffectiveBelieve Vaccines Are SafeTrust in ScienceTrust in Scientists

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Triennial assessment of 15-year-olds in mathematics, science and reading across 80+ education systems, 2000–2022.

PISA Mathematics ScorePISA Reading ScorePISA Science Score

IEA’s mathematics and science assessment at grades 4 and 8, every four years since 1995. Reaches countries PISA does not — Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia. Country means computed from the 2023 International Database and checked against IEA’s published tables.

TIMSS Mathematics, Grade 4TIMSS Mathematics, Grade 8TIMSS Science, Grade 4TIMSS Science, Grade 8

IEA’s reading assessment at grade 4, every five years since 2001. 2021 cycle; country means computed from the International Database and matched to IEA’s published table.

PIRLS Reading, Grade 4

What eighth-graders know and understand about democracy, institutions and citizenship. 2022 cycle; countries IEA reports outside its ranking for low sample participation are left out.

ICCS Civic Knowledge, Grade 8

Eighth-graders’ ability to use computers to find, judge and create information, and — where countries opted in — computational thinking. 2023 cycle.

ICILS Computational Thinking, Grade 8ICILS Computer and Information Literacy, Grade 8

European Commission’s standard survey of public opinion across EU member states since 1974. Extended dashboard: 34 countries, weighted, with breakdowns by sex and age — democracy, wellbeing, digital behaviour and science/media.

Life Satisfaction (Eurobarometer)Satisfaction with DemocracyWeekly Internet Use

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Rigorous biennial survey of attitudes across Europe. We aggregated trust in people and satisfaction with democracy.

Satisfaction with Democracy (ESS)Trust in People (ESS)

Annual cross-national survey on rotating social-science themes. Extended dashboard from the 2020 Environment module: 28 countries worldwide, weighted, by sex and age — trust, media, the environment and green trade-offs.

Interpersonal Trust (ISSP)Trust in the News Media (ISSP)

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Pan-African survey of attitudes on democracy, governance and quality of life. We aggregated Round 9 (39 countries): support for democracy, trust, perceived democracy.

China’s Influence Seen as Positive (Afrobarometer)Corruption Seen as Rising (Afrobarometer)Country Going in the Right Direction (Afrobarometer)Economy Seen as Good (Afrobarometer)Felt Unsafe in the Neighbourhood (Afrobarometer)Freedom to Speak Your Mind (Afrobarometer)Get News from the Internet (Afrobarometer)Perceived Democracy (Afrobarometer)Satisfaction with Democracy (Afrobarometer)Support for Democracy (Afrobarometer)Trust in Fellow Citizens (Afrobarometer)Trust in the Courts (Afrobarometer)Trust in the Police (Afrobarometer)Trust in the President (Afrobarometer)US Influence Seen as Positive (Afrobarometer)Went Without a Cash Income (Afrobarometer)Went Without Enough Food (Afrobarometer)Went Without Medical Care (Afrobarometer)

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Public opinion across the Middle East and North Africa. We aggregated Wave VIII (2023–24, 8 countries): trust, support for democracy, perceived corruption, desire to emigrate, religiosity and economic sentiment.

Desire to EmigrateEconomy Rated GoodInterpersonal TrustPerceived State CorruptionReligiositySupport for Democracy

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Annual survey of 18 Latin American countries since 1995. We aggregated the 2024 report: support for and satisfaction with democracy (1995–2024) and interpersonal trust.

Interpersonal Trust (Latinobarómetro)Satisfaction with Democracy (Latinobarómetro)Support for Democracy (Latinobarómetro)

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The largest ongoing study of news consumption — ~48 markets yearly. Trust in news, paying for online news, news avoidance and social media as a news source.

News Avoidance (Digital News Report)Paying for Online News (Digital News Report)Social Media as News Source (Digital News Report)Trust in News (Digital News Report)

Household survey for the South Caucasus from the Caucasus Research Resource Centers. We aggregated the 2013 regional wave (the last covering all of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia): life satisfaction and trust in the army, police and the EU.

Life Satisfaction (S. Caucasus)Trust in the Army (S. Caucasus)Trust in the EU (S. Caucasus)Trust in the Police (S. Caucasus)

HSE / UNC household panel running since 1994 — the deepest open microdata on everyday life in Russia. We aggregated internet use, incomes, life satisfaction, higher education, smoking & alcohol, marriage and bank cards.

Alcohol Use (Russia)Bank Card Ownership (Russia)Higher Education (Russia)Internet Use (Russia)Life Satisfaction (Russia)Married (Russia)Median Monthly Income (Russia)Smoking (Russia)

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Attitudes to transition, markets and democracy across Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Trust, risk tolerance, religion and more.

Generalised TrustImportance of ReligionPreference for State OwnershipRisk ToleranceSelf-assessed Health

Post-election surveys in 50+ democracies since 1996, fielded to a common module. We aggregated the Integrated Module Dataset (395,797 respondents, 230 election studies): satisfaction with democracy, left–right self-placement and whether voting or power makes a difference — latest study per country, 2011–2021.

Left–Right Self-placementSatisfaction with DemocracyVoting Makes a DifferenceWho Is in Power Makes a Difference

LAPOP Lab's survey of the Americas, fielded to a common questionnaire from Canada to Argentina. We aggregated the free 2004–2023 Grand Merge and the 2025/26 wave (325,338 respondents, 28 countries, eleven waves): support for and satisfaction with democracy, trust in elections, police and congress, neighbourhood safety, police bribes, corruption, remittances and home broadband — each country's trend since 2004 where LAPOP asked it.

Asked for a Bribe by the Police (AmericasBarometer)Broadband Internet at Home (AmericasBarometer)Democracy Is the Best Form of Government (AmericasBarometer)Feel Unsafe in the Neighbourhood (AmericasBarometer)Households Receiving Remittances (AmericasBarometer)Most Politicians Are Corrupt (AmericasBarometer)People in the Neighbourhood Are Trustworthy (AmericasBarometer)Satisfaction with Democracy (AmericasBarometer)Trust in Congress (AmericasBarometer)Trust in Elections (AmericasBarometer)Trust in the Police (AmericasBarometer)

Large harmonised ex-post integration of international survey projects. We aggregated the SDR2 master file: political trust (government, parliament, parties, legal system), demonstrations, petitions and union membership.

Attended a DemonstrationSigned a PetitionTrade Union MembershipTrust in governmentTrust in parliamentTrust in political partiesTrust in the legal system

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Nationally-representative household surveys on population, health and nutrition. We aggregated the latest available wave for each Central Asian country (women 15–49): employment, modern contraception and child marriage.

Child MarriageModern Contraceptive UseWomen Currently Working

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EU statistics on income and living conditions — the reference source for poverty and social-exclusion indicators. Aggregates via the open Eurostat API; microdata is research-access.

At-Risk-of-Poverty RateSevere Material & Social Deprivation

Harmonised survey of health status, determinants and care use across EU member states. Aggregates via the open Eurostat API; microdata is research-access.

Daily Cigarette SmokersObesity (BMI ≥ 30)

Refugees and internally displaced people by country of origin, 2000–present, from the UN Refugee Agency’s open statistics API.

Internally Displaced PeopleRefugees by Country of Origin

UNICEF-supported household surveys tracking the situation of children and women worldwide.

Longitudinal panel on health, socio-economics and social networks of Europeans aged 50+.

Longitudinal study of family dynamics, fertility and relationships across generations.

The world’s largest collection of harmonised census microdata, covering hundreds of censuses across nations.